19009年的大流行急剧催化了电子购物者的扩散。电子购物的急剧增长无疑会对旅行需求产生重大影响。结果,运输建模者对电子购物需求建模的能力变得越来越重要。这项研究开发了预测家庭每周送货频率的模型。我们使用经典计量经济学和机器学习技术来获得最佳模型。发现社会经济因素,例如拥有在线杂货会员资格,家庭成员的平均年龄,男性家庭成员的百分比,家庭中的工人数量以及各种土地使用因素会影响房屋送货的需求。这项研究还比较了机器学习模型和经典计量经济学模型的解释和表现。在通过机器学习和计量经济学模型确定的变量效果中找到了一致性。但是,具有相似的召回精度,有序的概率模型是一个经典的计量经济学模型,可以准确预测家庭交付需求的总分布。相反,两个机器学习模型都无法匹配观察到的分布。
translated by 谷歌翻译
In recent years, social media has been widely explored as a potential source of communication and information in disasters and emergency situations. Several interesting works and case studies of disaster analytics exploring different aspects of natural disasters have been already conducted. Along with the great potential, disaster analytics comes with several challenges mainly due to the nature of social media content. In this paper, we explore one such challenge and propose a text classification framework to deal with Twitter noisy data. More specifically, we employed several transformers both individually and in combination, so as to differentiate between relevant and non-relevant Twitter posts, achieving the highest F1-score of 0.87.
translated by 谷歌翻译
With the growth of residential rooftop PV adoption in recent decades, the problem of 1 effective layout design has become increasingly important in recent years. Although a number 2 of automated methods have been introduced, these tend to rely on simplifying assumptions and 3 heuristics to improve computational tractability. We demonstrate a fully automated layout design 4 pipeline that attempts to solve a more general formulation with greater geometric flexibility that 5 accounts for shading losses. Our approach generates rooftop areas from satellite imagery and uses 6 MINLP optimization to select panel positions, azimuth angles and tilt angles on an individual basis 7 rather than imposing any predefined layouts. Our results demonstrate that although several common 8 heuristics are often effective, they may not be universally suitable due to complications resulting 9 from geometric restrictions and shading losses. Finally, we evaluate a few specific heuristics from the 10 literature and propose a potential new rule of thumb that may help improve rooftop solar energy 11 potential when shading effects are considered.
translated by 谷歌翻译
Diverse data formats and ontologies of task-oriented dialogue (TOD) datasets hinder us from developing general dialogue models that perform well on many datasets and studying knowledge transfer between datasets. To address this issue, we present ConvLab-3, a flexible dialogue system toolkit based on a unified TOD data format. In ConvLab-3, different datasets are transformed into one unified format and loaded by models in the same way. As a result, the cost of adapting a new model or dataset is significantly reduced. Compared to the previous releases of ConvLab (Lee et al., 2019b; Zhu et al., 2020b), ConvLab-3 allows developing dialogue systems with much more datasets and enhances the utility of the reinforcement learning (RL) toolkit for dialogue policies. To showcase the use of ConvLab-3 and inspire future work, we present a comprehensive study with various settings. We show the benefit of pre-training on other datasets for few-shot fine-tuning and RL, and encourage evaluating policy with diverse user simulators.
translated by 谷歌翻译
Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License.
translated by 谷歌翻译
当今智能城市中产生的大型视频数据从其有目的的用法角度引起了人们的关注,其中监视摄像机等是最突出的资源,是为大量数据做出贡献的最突出的资源,使其自动化分析成为计算方面的艰巨任务。和精确。暴力检测(VD)在行动和活动识别域中广泛崩溃,用于分析大型视频数据,以了解由于人类而引起的异常动作。传统上,VD文献基于手动设计的功能,尽管开发了基于深度学习的独立模型的进步用于实时VD分析。本文重点介绍了深度序列学习方法以及检测到的暴力的本地化策略。该概述还介入了基于机器学习的初始图像处理和基于机器学习的文献及其可能具有的优势,例如针对当前复杂模型的效率。此外,讨论了数据集,以提供当前模型的分析,并用对先前方法的深入分析得出的VD域中的未来方向解释了他们的利弊。
translated by 谷歌翻译
多模式信息在医疗任务中经常可用。通过结合来自多个来源的信息,临床医生可以做出更准确的判断。近年来,在临床实践中使用了多种成像技术进行视网膜分析:2D眼底照片,3D光学相干断层扫描(OCT)和3D OCT血管造影等。我们的论文研究了基于深度学习的三种多模式信息融合策略,以求解视网膜视网膜分析任务:早期融合,中间融合和分层融合。常用的早期和中间融合很简单,但不能完全利用模式之间的互补信息。我们开发了一种分层融合方法,该方法着重于将网络多个维度的特征组合在一起,并探索模式之间的相关性。这些方法分别用于使用公共伽马数据集(Felcus Photophs和OCT)以及Plexelite 9000(Carl Zeis Meditec Inc.)的私人数据集,将这些方法应用于青光眼和糖尿病性视网膜病变分类。我们的分层融合方法在病例中表现最好,并为更好的临床诊断铺平了道路。
translated by 谷歌翻译
纵向成像能够捕获静态解剖结构和疾病进展的动态变化,向早期和更好的患者特异性病理学管理。但是,检测糖尿病性视网膜病(DR)的常规方法很少利用纵向信息来改善DR分析。在这项工作中,我们调查了利用纵向诊断目的的纵向性质利用自我监督学习的好处。我们比较了不同的纵向自学学习(LSSL)方法,以模拟从纵向视网膜颜色眼底照片(CFP)进行疾病进展,以便使用一对连续考试来检测早期的DR严重性变化。实验是在有或没有那些经过训练的编码器(LSSL)的纵向DR筛选数据集上进行的,该数据集充当纵向借口任务。结果对于基线(从头开始训练)的AUC为0.875,AUC为0.96(95%CI:0.9593-0.9655 DELONG测试),使用p值<2.2e-16,在早期融合上使用简单的重置式结构,使用冷冻的LSSL重量,这表明LSSL潜在空间可以编码DR进程的动态。
translated by 谷歌翻译
面向任务的对话系统旨在通过自然语言互动实现用户目标。他们可以与人类用户一起评估它们,但是在开发阶段的每个迭代中都无法实现。模拟用户可能是替代方案,但是他们的开发是不平凡的。因此,研究人员诉诸于现有的人类语料库的离线指标,这些指标更实用且易于再现。不幸的是,它们在反映对话系统的真实性能方面受到限制。例如,BLEU与人类判断力的相关性很差,现有的基于语料库的指标(例如成功率忽略对话环境不匹配)。对于具有良好概括且与人类判断密切相关的任务导向系统,仍然需要一个可靠的指标。在本文中,我们建议使用离线增强学习来基于静态语料库的对话评估。这样的评估者通常称为评论家,并用于政策优化。我们迈出了一步,并表明可以在任何对话系统的静态语料库上对离线RL批评家作为外部评估者进行培训,从而可以在各种类型的系统上进行对话性能比较。这种方法的好处是与人类判断达到密切的相关性,使其成为与模型无关的,我们通过交互式用户试验确认。
translated by 谷歌翻译
用户模拟器(USS)通常用于通过增强学习训练面向任务的对话系统(DSS)。相互作用通常是在语义层面上以提高效率的,但是从语义动作到自然语言仍然存在差距,这会导致培训和部署环境之间的不匹配。在培训期间,将自然语言生成(NLG)模块与USS结合在一起可以部分解决此问题。但是,由于US的策略和NLG是单独优化的,因此在给定的情况下,这些模拟的用户话语可能不够自然。在这项工作中,我们提出了一个基于生成变压器的用户模拟器(Gentus)。 Gentus由编码器结构组成,这意味着它可以共同优化用户策略和自然语言。 Gentus既产生语义动作又产生自然语言话语,从而保留了解释性和增强语言的变化。另外,通过将输入和输出表示为单词序列以及使用大型的预训练语言模型,我们可以在功能表示中实现普遍性。我们通过自动指标和人类评估评估绅士。我们的结果表明,绅士会产生更多的自然语言,并能够以零拍的方式转移到看不见的本体论中。此外,通过加强学习为培训专业用户模拟器打开大门,可以进一步塑造其行为。
translated by 谷歌翻译